DESHIMA n° 9 - 2015
Correspondance savante
entre la France et les Pays-Bas
Édité par Thomas Beaufils & Guillaume Ducœur
Le dossier thématique de ce numéro 9/2015 de Deshima est consacré à l'étude de la correspondance entre savants francophones et néerlandais. Ces lettres sont révélatrices de la richesse des échanges intellectuels qui eurent lieu au cours du XVIIIe siècle dans les milieux jansénistes et, d’autre part, aux XIXe et XXe siècles dans les milieux académiques, en particulier au sein des communautés des historiens, anthropologues, sociologues et indianistes. L’analyse de ces correspondances, pour la plupart inédites, permet de mieux saisir le contexte de la circulation des idées de l’époque ainsi que les contenus de ces transferts intellectuels qui n’apparaissent pas toujours ouvertement dans les ouvrages publiés.
SOMMAIRE
Correspondance savante
Thomas Beaufils, Guillaume Ducœur – Avant-propos
Philippe Moulis – Une correspondance clandestine. Les jansénistes de la France septentrionale et des Provinces-Unies de la bulle Unigenitus à 1724
Annick Fenet – « Au-dessus des intérêts strictement nationaux ». La correspondance orientaliste de Senart à Snouck Hurgronje de 1909 à 1927
Thomas Beaufils – Marcel Mauss, la Hollande et les Hollandais. Correspondance de 1898 à 1938
Christophe de Voogd – Histoire d’une collaboration avortée. La correspondance entre les fondateurs des Annales et Johan Huizinga
Guillaume Ducœur – « Nous avons combattu ensemble ». Correspondance de Georges Dumézil et Jan de Vries de 1949 à 1964
Dan Dana – « L’étrange et beau univers du germanisme ». Correspondance de Mircea Eliade et Jan de Vries de 1955 à 1963
Savants mélanges
Viola Eshuis – Wim T. Schippers : l’enfant rebelle des médias
Pierre-Brice Stahl – Énigmes et nature des protagonistes dans la Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks et le Vafþrúðnismál
Littérature des pays du Nord
Nathan Trantraal – Vache enragée (poèmes traduits de l’afrikaans par Pierre-Marie Finkelstein)
Kaspar Colling Nielsen – Le Pélican (nouvelle traduite du danois par Catherine Jaegler)
A. Alberts – Le roi est mort (nouvelle tirée du recueil Îles, traduit du néerlandais par Kim Andringa)
Edvard Hoem – Complications amoureuses (texte traduit du nynorsk par Linnea Savio)
Tom Van de Voorde – Poèmes (traduits du néerlandais par Daniel Cunin)
Émir Mahieddin
The article explores how space is represented in Hans Christian Andersen’s I Spanien (1863). The travelog begins at the French border and continues through Spain via Gibraltar, down to Morocco, and from there back to Spain via another route. It is characterized by precise observations, numerous poems, and passages of lyrical prose. The descriptions of architecture and infrastructures, landscapes and cities are enriched with inter-textual references, historical background information, and the emotions of the first-person narrator. This creates a complex image of the spaces described, which is analyzed with the help of David Harvey’s Marxist cultural geography and Edward Said’s postcolonial theory. The emphasis of this inquiry is on the relationship between Denmark, Spain, and Africa in the topography of I Spanien. The article demonstrates how I Spanien establishes a hybrid geography of mutual relations and thus opens a space for a different understanding of the relationship between Europe and Africa than was common in the nineteenth century.
In postcolonial studies, the subversion of binary ways of thinking is regarded as a useful device for resistance. One of the strategies used for overcoming binaries is “mimicry”, which means that the colonized imitate their colonizers in order to communicate on the same level. At the same time, imitation can never be just a copy; it will always change the original. This hypothesis is examined using two literary texts from Scandinavia: Peter Høeg’s Rejse ind i et mørkt hjerte (1990) and Verner von Heidenstam’s Endymion (1889). Both texts connect the colonial situation with the subversion of gender differences. Høeg meets our expectations, since in his text the breakdown of the gender paradigm causes the deconstruction of the domination of colonial power, whereas the analysis leads us to the surprising result in Heidenstam’s text that the subversion of gender differences stabilizes the colonial difference.
Starting in 1830, the Dutch were obliged to reinforce their troops in the East Indies (now Indonesia) to extend their colonial domination. Because of the shortage of European soldiers, the Dutch turned to the Gold Coast in West Africa. As of 1637, they were in possession of Elmina, the commercial port of the Ashanti kingdom, from which tens of thousands of slaves were shipped to Brazil, Curacao, Surinam and other places to work on plantations. But the Dutch had little success recruiting Ashanti volunteers. Only 3,000 men left for Java between 1831 and 1872. These Belanda Hitam (Black Dutch) participated in military campaigns in Borneo, Bali, and Sumatra. They were considered to be “insolent Negroes,” unable to adapt to colonial society. And yet they eventually became completely integrated, and most of them stayed in Java and started families. To counterbalance their story of becoming Black Dutch citizens in the East Indies, I evoke the extraordinary adventure of two Ashanti princes, Kwasi and Kwame, who were sent to Holland to obtain a Dutch education and become Black Dutch citizens by striking the opposite path in a story related by Arthur Japin in his beautiful novel The Two Hearts of Kwasi Boachi.
Although Frieda von Bülow and Karen Blixen lived in different times, they shared a strange community of fate. Both of them staged their lives in East Africa in novels: Bülow in Im Lande der Verheißung (1899) and Blixen in Out of Africa / Den afrikanske Farm (1937). The two writers share a colonial attitude and treat Africa in similar ways. They confess their adoration for African nature and succumb to the spell of exoticism when encountering a continent of charming beauty, all the while reaffirming their attachment to their worlds of origin by relying on the image of an immense African farm overseen by a woman with a firm hand. In the two novels, a white, European aristocratic woman is depicted as exercising authority over the indigenous population, thus enacting a kind of “feudal colonial feminism” as a condition for her own liberty and liberation. The African farm thus becomes a symbol of a utopian social project that opens up a field of unlimited possibilities, combinations, hybridizations, and reconstructions, erasing borders of time and space as well as those of identity.
This essay demonstrates the analytical potential of the motif of hunger in Knut Hamsun’s Sult (Hunger) (1890) and J. M. Coetzee’s Life & Times of Michael K (1983). Sult was published in Norway at the end the nineteenth century and Life & Times of Michael K in South Africa almost one hundred years later. In spite of these different historical and geographical backgrounds, the motif of hunger in both texts reveals similar questions. They explore strategies working against the modern disciplining of the body. This article presents a short history of hunger and analyzes the motif of hunger in the texts from a comparative perspective. It focuses on the semantics of the descriptions of hunger, on the perception of time, and on forms of control that are contrasted with the protagonists’ behaviour, revealing a close relation between hunger and the modern bio-political practices reflected in the texts.
Nordahl Grieg (1902-1943) was a Norwegian traveller, journalist, poet, and a writer. In the 1930s, he became a communist and supported the USSR unconditionally. In interviews and features in the press, he approved of the Moscow trials (staged by Stalin against former Bolsheviks) and later the German-Soviet pact. But when the German army attacked his own country in April 1940, he immediately volunteered to defend it and became an ardent Norwegian patriot. In the novel Ung må verden ennu være (1938) (The World Must Still Be Young), Grieg describes the USSR, the trials, and the Spanish Civil War. He later stated that the novel was intended to justify soviet policy, including its more questionable sides. But when reading this work today, it appears rather to depict a dismal picture of soviet society. This article is an attempt to read Ung må verden ennu være from this perspective of what we know about its author. Grieg’s novel thus appears as a broad description of Europe in the 1930s, where the storm of major catastrophes is brewing.
In the Dutch Golden Age, the production of winter scenes in paintings reached a climax. In focusing on these representations of winter and coldness, one might wonder whether the paintings correlated with the actual weather. If so, do the paintings genuinely show the weather at the time they were painted? In this article, I discuss that, because the winter scenes became exceedingly appreciated by a buying public, painters began to produce these paintings without taking the actual weather into account. Eventually, they painted winter scènes de genre and developed a typology of images for these winter scenes. The unusual, rough coldness of the Little Ice Age winters actually taking place outside generally disappeared from the paintings, and joyful winter scenes were preferred.
Limpides, souvent drôles, ces lettres rendent hommage à l’art de vivre au quotidien dans un pays malade, réussissant le tour de force de parler des Belges en les décomplexant […]. Rien de crispé, rien de cette paranoïa qui, aujourd’hui, nous plombe dès qu’on ouvre le journal. »
attend la traduction du volume qui fait suite à En route vers la fin : Nader tot U (Plus près de Vous, 1966), autre livre culte aux Pays-Bas de ce Néer- landais qui a passé une partie de sa vie dans le magnifique village drômois du Poët Laval. (une émission de radio Paludes consacrée à En route vers la fin : 
siècle à l’exemple de Jacques François Delyen, peintre ordinaire du roi de Gérard De Wallens ; et pour finir le recueil bilingue du poète flamand Stefaan Van Den Bremt Vogeltekens - Augures, d’après des miniatures de Solange Abbiati.
A côté de toutes ces pages « littérature », on retiendra la contribution de l’éminent historien H.L. Wesseling, dont on a pu lire en français Le Partage de l’Afrique et Les Empires coloniaux européens (trad. Patrick Grilli, Gallimard, 2002 et 2009). Dans « Histoire et justice ou l’historien et la loi », le Néerlandais, signataire de l’Appel de Blois, s’interroge sur les normes plus qu’étranges qu’impose le législateur français aux historiens à travers les lois Gayssot-Fabius, Taubira, etc. Enfin, il convient de mentionner l’article que Dorien Kouijzer consacre à 
Mais dans Septentrion, les amoureux des arts plastiques trouvent en général eux aussi leur bonheur. Au menu cette fois : 
