Deshima, n° 7
Protestantisme en Europe du Nord
aux XXe et XXIe siècles
Le numéro 7 de la revue Deshima explore les expressions culturelles et sociales du protestantisme en Europe du Nord. Il réunit volontairement des chercheurs issus de disciplines diverses, spécialistes des Pays-Bas, de la Belgique et des pays nordiques. La littérature, la peinture, la musicologie, l’histoire et la sociologie se croisent ici pour étudier les traces et les manifestations du fait religieux dans un contexte de sécularisation avancée et de laïcisation progressive. Ce volume apporte donc une contribution au débat sur les religions en Europe en proposant pour la première fois en langue française un regard nord-européen, transdisciplinaire et transnational.
SOMMAIRE
Avant-propos, p. 5-8
Protestantisme en Europe du Nord aux XXe et XXIe siècles, dossier dirigé par Frédérique Harry et Thomas Mohnike
Ole Riis
Religion in Scandinavia at the beginning of the 21st-century, p. 11-26
Frédérique Harry
L’Église pulvérisée ! La post-sécularisation en Suède et en Norvège, p. 27-36
Émir Mahieddin
Que faire des pentecôtismes nordiques ? Par-delà la vulnérabilité et la résilience : le travail de Dieu, p. 37-59
Giacomo Bottà
Sacredness Lost and Found in a Helsinki Suburb: Views from Maunula’s International Classes, p. 61-77
Hijme Stoffels
Traces of Protestantism in contemporary Dutch society. “We Are All Calvinists in This Country !”, p. 79-90
Caspar Visser’t Hooft
La réforme comme anti-révolution : la thèse de l’homme politique néerlandais Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, p. 91-102
Thomas Beaufils
« Les fenêtres hollandaises ». Voyeurisme, surveillance et contrôle social aux Pays-Bas, p. 103-120
Thomas Mohnike
Raconter Dieu dans la littérature suédoise du XXe siècle, p. 121-135
Malan Marnersdóttir
La littérature et la religion vues à travers la réception de l’œuvre de l’auteur féroïen William Heinesen, p. 137-151
Robert Weeda
Inspiration chrétienne dans l’œuvre des compositeurs néerlandais : Ton de Leeuw et Daan Manneke, p. 153-166
Patrick Duval
Corps du péché et « scène du monde » – Jan Steen ou les paradoxes apparents de la morale calviniste hollandaise, p. 167-201
Frédéric Rognon
Kierkegaard dans le protestantisme français : les paradoxes d’une réception (Roland de Pury, Paul Ricœur, Nelly Viallanex, Jacques Ellul), p. 203-216
Daan Manneke, Psaume 121, 1962
Arts et lettres des pays du Nord
Tarek Omar
Le stand à hot-dogs, p. 219-240
Tom Lanoye
Crime parfait, p. 241-256
Guillaume van der Graft
Poèmes, p. 257-266
Frans Kellendonk
La girafe, p. 267-270
Jacques Outin
Poèmes suédois, p. 271-283
Abstracts, p. 285-288
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Aurélie Choné & Philippe Hamman : Faut-il rendre la ville invisible ? Retours sur le « modèle nordique » d’urbanisme durable
Bente Christensen : L’argent et la vie : la littérature pour jeunes filles dans la Norvège de l’entre-deux-guerres
* Les 10 poèmes de Rozalie Hirs publiés dans ce numéro sont extraits de 
The article explores how space is represented in Hans Christian Andersen’s I Spanien (1863). The travelog begins at the French border and continues through Spain via Gibraltar, down to Morocco, and from there back to Spain via another route. It is characterized by precise observations, numerous poems, and passages of lyrical prose. The descriptions of architecture and infrastructures, landscapes and cities are enriched with inter-textual references, historical background information, and the emotions of the first-person narrator. This creates a complex image of the spaces described, which is analyzed with the help of David Harvey’s Marxist cultural geography and Edward Said’s postcolonial theory. The emphasis of this inquiry is on the relationship between Denmark, Spain, and Africa in the topography of I Spanien. The article demonstrates how I Spanien establishes a hybrid geography of mutual relations and thus opens a space for a different understanding of the relationship between Europe and Africa than was common in the nineteenth century.
In postcolonial studies, the subversion of binary ways of thinking is regarded as a useful device for resistance. One of the strategies used for overcoming binaries is “mimicry”, which means that the colonized imitate their colonizers in order to communicate on the same level. At the same time, imitation can never be just a copy; it will always change the original. This hypothesis is examined using two literary texts from Scandinavia: Peter Høeg’s Rejse ind i et mørkt hjerte (1990) and Verner von Heidenstam’s Endymion (1889). Both texts connect the colonial situation with the subversion of gender differences. Høeg meets our expectations, since in his text the breakdown of the gender paradigm causes the deconstruction of the domination of colonial power, whereas the analysis leads us to the surprising result in Heidenstam’s text that the subversion of gender differences stabilizes the colonial difference.
Starting in 1830, the Dutch were obliged to reinforce their troops in the East Indies (now Indonesia) to extend their colonial domination. Because of the shortage of European soldiers, the Dutch turned to the Gold Coast in West Africa. As of 1637, they were in possession of Elmina, the commercial port of the Ashanti kingdom, from which tens of thousands of slaves were shipped to Brazil, Curacao, Surinam and other places to work on plantations. But the Dutch had little success recruiting Ashanti volunteers. Only 3,000 men left for Java between 1831 and 1872. These Belanda Hitam (Black Dutch) participated in military campaigns in Borneo, Bali, and Sumatra. They were considered to be “insolent Negroes,” unable to adapt to colonial society. And yet they eventually became completely integrated, and most of them stayed in Java and started families. To counterbalance their story of becoming Black Dutch citizens in the East Indies, I evoke the extraordinary adventure of two Ashanti princes, Kwasi and Kwame, who were sent to Holland to obtain a Dutch education and become Black Dutch citizens by striking the opposite path in a story related by Arthur Japin in his beautiful novel The Two Hearts of Kwasi Boachi.
Although Frieda von Bülow and Karen Blixen lived in different times, they shared a strange community of fate. Both of them staged their lives in East Africa in novels: Bülow in Im Lande der Verheißung (1899) and Blixen in Out of Africa / Den afrikanske Farm (1937). The two writers share a colonial attitude and treat Africa in similar ways. They confess their adoration for African nature and succumb to the spell of exoticism when encountering a continent of charming beauty, all the while reaffirming their attachment to their worlds of origin by relying on the image of an immense African farm overseen by a woman with a firm hand. In the two novels, a white, European aristocratic woman is depicted as exercising authority over the indigenous population, thus enacting a kind of “feudal colonial feminism” as a condition for her own liberty and liberation. The African farm thus becomes a symbol of a utopian social project that opens up a field of unlimited possibilities, combinations, hybridizations, and reconstructions, erasing borders of time and space as well as those of identity.
This essay demonstrates the analytical potential of the motif of hunger in Knut Hamsun’s Sult (Hunger) (1890) and J. M. Coetzee’s Life & Times of Michael K (1983). Sult was published in Norway at the end the nineteenth century and Life & Times of Michael K in South Africa almost one hundred years later. In spite of these different historical and geographical backgrounds, the motif of hunger in both texts reveals similar questions. They explore strategies working against the modern disciplining of the body. This article presents a short history of hunger and analyzes the motif of hunger in the texts from a comparative perspective. It focuses on the semantics of the descriptions of hunger, on the perception of time, and on forms of control that are contrasted with the protagonists’ behaviour, revealing a close relation between hunger and the modern bio-political practices reflected in the texts.
Nordahl Grieg (1902-1943) was a Norwegian traveller, journalist, poet, and a writer. In the 1930s, he became a communist and supported the USSR unconditionally. In interviews and features in the press, he approved of the Moscow trials (staged by Stalin against former Bolsheviks) and later the German-Soviet pact. But when the German army attacked his own country in April 1940, he immediately volunteered to defend it and became an ardent Norwegian patriot. In the novel Ung må verden ennu være (1938) (The World Must Still Be Young), Grieg describes the USSR, the trials, and the Spanish Civil War. He later stated that the novel was intended to justify soviet policy, including its more questionable sides. But when reading this work today, it appears rather to depict a dismal picture of soviet society. This article is an attempt to read Ung må verden ennu være from this perspective of what we know about its author. Grieg’s novel thus appears as a broad description of Europe in the 1930s, where the storm of major catastrophes is brewing.
In the Dutch Golden Age, the production of winter scenes in paintings reached a climax. In focusing on these representations of winter and coldness, one might wonder whether the paintings correlated with the actual weather. If so, do the paintings genuinely show the weather at the time they were painted? In this article, I discuss that, because the winter scenes became exceedingly appreciated by a buying public, painters began to produce these paintings without taking the actual weather into account. Eventually, they painted winter scènes de genre and developed a typology of images for these winter scenes. The unusual, rough coldness of the Little Ice Age winters actually taking place outside generally disappeared from the paintings, and joyful winter scenes were preferred.
Écrivain méconnu aujour- d’hui en France, 
in den vreemde (2ème édition revue et augmentée, Leyde, 2008). Aux lecteurs n’ayant pas accès à la langue néerlandaise, on conseillera la lecture du roman « indonésien » La Force des ténèbres (De stille kracht, 1900), dans la traduction de 
The present article strives to investigate the importance of Couperus’ Paris journey for his work and aesthetics, taking one of his masterpieces, Metamor- phosis, as its focal point. The analysis shows the interaction of life and literary work, sug- gesting traces of literary works and persons that may have ins- pired and influenced the author.
This article offers an insight into the French readings of Louis Couperus which left their marks on his work. He is at first attracted by art for art’s sake, but Zola opens his eyes to realism. His personal natu- ralism is less theoretical and more psychological than Zola’s, which makes him a fellow of Bourget. His interest for the life of the soul reveals the influence of Maeterlinck. In his historical novels, Cou- perus sets greater value than Flaubert or Lombard in the psychology of his protagonists. His “king’s novels”, like the one by Lemaître, show us a king in doubt about monarchy, but he insists on the human rather than the political dimension. Couperus was an inspired reader, taking from his French masters the elements that allowed him to let his personal voice as a writer be heard.
The article explores the im- portance of the city of Nice for the life and oeuvre of Louis Couperus. In June 1899, Louis Couperus (who had the idea for some time to leave the Nether- lands for good) and his wife stayed for the first time in Nice merely by chance, as they came here to wait for the ship that would take them to Dutch East Indies, today’s Indonesia. In the work of Couperus, Nice appears at first as a place of aristocratic cosmo- politism, but than even and foremost as a place of sensuality and liberty – as opposed to the North, particularly The Hague, which is described as op- pressing and frigid. The Hague represents traditions and conventions, Nice the emancipation from tradition; the North is melancholic, the South enthusiastic. Nice becomes feminized; a sultana gleaming of purity and whiteness.
In the winter of 1920, Louis Couperus made a trip of six months to Algeria. His im- pressions were published in a book in 1921, after being serialized in a Dutch weekly. At the beginning, Couperus was overwhelmed by the “Oriental dream”, which he thought he met everywhere. Later, however, his enthusiasm was tempered. In her article, José Buschman reveals what Couperus must have witnessed in Northern Africa, but did not describe. Her explanation for this reticence draws upon new psychological insights in Couperus’ life and art.
Using several Dutch articles and an unpublished Paris III
Charley Toorop (1891
This pages form extracts of interviews that 
Paul Gadenne, the author of La Plage de Scheveningen, was born in French Flanders. This region, however is not predominant in his oeuvre. The article seeks to analyze to what extend the author was marked by it, and asks, what place he gives in his work to Flanders in general. It seems that the region of his childhood is too near to him; he could not manipulate the landscape as he wanted. Flanders is an element of his imaginative substratum that re-emerges every now and then, often when an intense moment of innocence, purity, happiness illuminates the soul of a character.
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